E. McCown and Richard C. Haines, Nippur 1: Temple of Enlil,
Scribal Quarter, and Soundings, OIP 78 (Chicago, 1967) 156-57.
S. Fisher, Excavations at Nippur (Philadelphia, 1905) p. 20;
McCown and Haines, Nippur 1 157.
especially John P. Peters, Nippur (2 vols.; New York, 1897), and
Fisher, Nippur (1905). I must thank Prof. Robert Dyson and former
directors of the University Museum of the University of
Pennsylvania for allowing copies to be made of photographs and
notes from the Pennsylvania expedition. Much of the work was
done by Diane E. Taylor, who assembled a great part of the
scattered records and has made her copies available to me.
V. Hilprecht, Explorations in Bible Lands during the l9th
Century (Philadelphia, 1903).
and Haines, Nippur 1 150-57 and pl. 5.
and Haines, Nippur 1 157.
and Haines, Nippur 1 157; McGuire Gibson, Excavations at
Nippur: Eleventh Season, OIC 22 (Chicago, 1975) 7.
P. Hansen, "The Pottery Sequence at Nippur from Middle Uruk
to the End of the Old Babylonian Period (3400-1600 B.C.),"in
Robert W. Ehrich (ed.), Chronologies in Old World Archaeology
(Chicago, 1965) pp. 201-208.
Nippur pp. 11, 49.
Fisher, Nippur pp. 21-48.
Fisher, Nippur p. 28.
In the winter of 1989, after the Rencontre in Philadelphia, we carried
out the 18th season of excavations at Nippur. In a new operation,
Area WF, near our pit WA50c, we exposed Early Dynastic levels
at about two meters above present plain level. This finding would
indicate that even if we expose several more meters of Early
Dynastic occupation, there is a very good chance that there are
Uruk and earlier levels below.
Personal communication.
Fisher, Nippur p. 49 n. 5.
Fisher, Nippur pp. 49-56.
Fisher, Nippur pp. 54-55.
McCown and Haines, Nippur 1 40.
Personal communication.
McCown and Haines, Nippur 1 156.
Richard L. Zettler, "The Ur III Inanna Temple at Nippur" (unpub.
Ph.D. diss.; University of Chicago, 1984) p. 20.
Ibbi-Sin, in his year-date 6, records buitding the walls of Nippur. In
our excavations in Area WC-3, during 1987, we found Amar-Sin
bricks, originally made for Ekur, reused in a building that lies
under the Ur III city wall, giving a terminus post quem for the city
wall's construction. We have evidence that the citv wall was out of
use by Isin-Larsa times, so its construction best fits with the
inscriptionally attested activity of Ibbi-Sin.
McCown and Haines, Nippur 1 74-77.
Judith A. Franke, "Area WB," in McCuire Gibson et al. (eds.),
Excavations at Nippur: Twelfth Season, OIC 23 (Chicago, 1978)
53-lO6 and Judith A. Franke, "Artifact Patterning and Functional
Variability in the Urban Dwelling: Old Babylonian Nippur, Iraq"
(unpub. Ph.D. diss.; University of Chicago, 1987).
Gibson, "Excavations at Nippur, 18th Season, 1988-89," Sumer (in
press), correcting McGuire Gibson, Richard L. Zettler, and James
A. Armstrong, "The Southern Corner of Nippur: Summary of
Excavations During the 14th and 15th Seasons," Sumer 39 (1983)
23.
In his doctoral dissertation "The Archaeology of Nippur from the
Decline of the Kassite Kingdom to the Rise of the Neo-Babylonian
Empire" (unpub. Ph.D. diss.; University of Chicago, 1989), James
A. Armstrong has successfully demonstrated the need for drastic
changes in the stratigraphy of Area TA on the basis of our
excavations in Areas TC and WC, combined with a new study of
the records of Area TA. These stratigraphic changes and his
rearrangement of ceramic criteria (as published in McCown and
Haines, Nippur 1) are critical for a general understanding of
Babylonia during its Dark Age.
Donald E. McCown, Richard C. Haines, and Robert D. Biggs, Nippur
2: The North Temple and Soundings, OIP 97 (Chicago, 1978) 38.
Gibson, Eleventh Season p. 73.
John A. Brinkman, A Political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia,
1158-722 B.C. (Rome, 1968) 113.
Brinkman, Political History pp. 122, 134, 138-39.
Brinkman, Political History p. 140.
G. Buccellati and Robert D. Biggs, Cuneiform Texts from Nippur: The
Eighth and Ninth Seasons, AS 17 (Chicago, 1969) 16 no. 56;
Brinkman, Political History p. 134.
Brinkman, Political History p. 152.
Personal communication from Steven Cole.
Gibson et al., Twelfth Season pp. 72-73.
Gibson, "Excavations at Nippur, 18th Season, 1988-89," Sumer (in
press).
